Do you know about - Structure, Function and Care of Human Skin
Nyc Dating Service! Again, for I know. Ready to share new things that are useful. You and your friends.The human skin consists of two major structures:
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We had a good read. For the benefit of yourself. Be sure to read to the end. I want you to get good knowledge from Nyc Dating Service.* Epidermis
* Dermis
The Epidermis
The epidermis is supplementary subdivided into 5 Layers (from deepest to most superficial layer):
* Stratum basale
* Stratum spinosum
* Stratum granulosum
* Stratum lucidum
* Stratum corneum
The Stratum basale (also called Stratum germinativum): This is the deepest layer of the epidermis and it is here that new cells are generated for the renovation of the epidermal layers of the skin. A process of cell branch referred to as mitotic branch is responsible for the generation of the new epidermal skin cells. After the mitotic branch (cell branch important to the formation of a new cell) a newly formed cell will feel a progressive maturation called keratinisation as it migrates to the covering of the skin (1).
The Stratum spinosum: The cells that divide in the stratum germinativum soon begin to gather many desmosomes (structures that join adjacent cells together) on their outer covering (1).
The Stratum granulosum: As keratinocyes (these are the basic cell of which the epidermis is composed) progressively mature they gather a protein called keratin (this process is called keratinisation). In addition, the cells of the stratum granulosum gather dense basophilic keratohyalin granules (Granules found in living cells of keratinizing epithelia) (1).
The Stratum lucidum: This is the second layer of the epidermis and varies in thickness throughout the body depending generally on frictional military and is thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (1).
The Stratum corneum: This layer consists of primarily dead skin cells. As a cell accumulates keratinohyalin granules, it is opinion that rupture of lysosomal membranes (membrane covering lysosomal enzymes) release lysosomal enzymes (Lysosomal enzymes are those enzymes which are responsible for breaking down involved chemicals within a cell which have expended their useful life) that ultimately cause cell death (5). The dead and dying cells filled with mature keratin form the stratum corneum .
Skin renovation Process In the Epidermis
The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium (cells) and contains four principal types of cells. About 90% of the epidermal cells are keratinocytes (i.e.: cells with finger-like or 'horny' projections). They produce the protein keratin. Keratin helps waterproof and protect the skin and basal tissues (2).
Keratinocytes in the stratum basale of the epidermis can feel mitosis (cell division). The formation of new cells in this basal layer gently pushes previously formed cells upward through the stratum spinosum. As keratinocytes approach the covering of the epidermis, they gather intracellular keratin and secrete a waxy material into the intercellular space; these changes are visible in the stratum granulosum, a distinctive layer which is diagnostic for a keratinized epithelium. As maturing keratinocytes seal off the intercellular spaces through which they receive nutrients, they ultimately die and form the stratum corneum, a tough and relatively impermeable layer of hardened, dead cells. Eventually, as cells reach the surface, they are sloughed off. The whole epidermis above the basal layer is replenished (replaced by new cells) within about two weeks (3).
Epidermal cells
There are some cells that make up the epidermis. Although the keratinocytes are by far the most common, they are just one of the cells found in the epidermis.
Others include:
Melanocytes: The main function of melanocytes is to produce melanin, which is responsible for the colour of our skin (4).
Langerhans Cells arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Langerhans cells interact with white blood cells called ‘helper T cells’ in immune responses and are for real damaged by Uv radiation (2).
Merkel Cells: Merkel cells are placed in the deepest layer (stratum basale) of the epidermis of hairless skin, where they are attached to keratinocytes by desmosomes. Merkel cells make palpate with the flattened part of the ending of a sensory neuron (nerve cell), called a tactile (Merkel) disc, and are opinion to function in the sensation of touch (2).
Dermo-epidermal Junction
The epidermis and epidermis are separated by the Dermo-Epithelial Junction. This junction holds the epidermis and epidermis together and this is achieved by discrete fibers together with collagen and desmosomes. This prevents the two layers becoming separated in areas of high shearing stress such as fingertips, palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
The Dermis
The epidermis consists of two sub-layers:
* The Papillary epidermis and
* The Reticular dermis
The Papillary epidermis (sub-epithelial layer) includes areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae (finger like projections that growth the covering area) and ridges that expand into the epidermis.
These nipple-shaped structures protrude into the epidermis, and many comprise loops of capillaries (very small blood vessels). Dermal papillae cause ridges in the overlying epidermis. It is these ridges that leave fingerprints on objects that are handled (2).
The Reticular epidermis consists of dense, irregular connective tissue containing interlacing bundles of collagen and tasteless elastic fibers. Within the reticular region, bundles of collagen fibers interlace in a netlike manner. A small quantity of adipose tissue, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, and the ducts of sweat glands occupy spaces in the middle of the fibers. Varying thicknesses of the reticular region contribute to differences in the thickness of skin. The combination of collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular region provides the skin with strength, extensibility, and elasticity.
The Hypodermis
The reticular region is attached to basal organs, such as bone and muscle, by the subcutaneous layer, also called the hypodermis or superficial fascia. The subcutaneous layer also contains nerve endings called lamellated or Pacinian (pa-Sin-e-an) corpuscles that are sensitive to pressure. Nerve endings sensitive to cold are found in and just below the dermis, while those sensitive to heat are placed in the middle and outer epidermis (2).
Skin Care of the Epidermis, Dermo-Epithelium, epidermis and Hypodermis
Exfoliation
Exfoliation of the skin affects the epidermis. The primary function of exfoliation is to:
a) take off dead skin cells
b) Promote new skin cell growth
c) Promote blood circulation
Exfoliating the skin's covering is an important step in the maintenance of healthy, vibrant seeing skin. Products such as the Skin renovation Gel, from Wildcrafted Herbal Products, utilises natural ingredients that gently take off the dead skin cells and nourish basal layers. Retention dead skin cells to a minimum, allows the skin to be able to breath better, absorb nutrients from moisturisers more for real and reduces the risk of infections such as Ring Worm and other pathogens.
In addition, removal of dead skin cells will sell out the possible for sweat glands to come to be blocked thus reducing white heads, blackheads and acne.
Cleansing
Following exfoliation, cleansing will take off more deep seated dirt and help free pores of possible obstruction from the stale, natural skin oils and environmental particles that come to be lodged in the skin's folds, wrinkles and pores.
Toning
Once the dead skin cells have been removed and the skin cleaned it is important to prevent pores from remaining open. Toning, utilises skin care products that comprise astringent ingredients which will close opened pores and prevent particles from entering the pores while they are wide open.
Natural skin care products should be used at all times, as there is increasing evidence suggesting that some non-natural skin care products comprise ingredients that may be harmful to your health, as they are absorbed by your skin into the blood stream.
Natural skin care products such as moisturisers and masks target the Dermo-epithelium, epidermis and Hypodermis.
Moisturisers
Moisturisers lanch the epidermis as they are absorbed into the deeper layers of the skin and the nutrients from the herbal extracts and principal oils in these moisturisers have the capability to promote cell growth and collagen production.
Moisturisers are an important final step in your daily skin care regime. They moisturise and help protect your skin, they hydrate your skin and nourish the cells and other structures outlined above, thus helping in maintaining the condition of your skin.
Clay masks
Once or twice a week, a deep cleansing mask should be used on your facial skin and neck. These masks not only help to deeply cleanse your skin, but contribute important nutrients to the tissues of your skin and help to take off dead skin cells from your skin’s surface.
References:
1. [http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/medicine/dermatology/skinlsn/stspin.htm]
2. Tortora, G.J. & Grabowski, S.R. (1993) ideas of Anatomy and Physiology (7th Edition). HarperCollins College Publisher, New York. [Isbn0-06-046702-9]
3. Http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/skin.htm
4. Medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/Lecture/Main/integ1.htm
5. [http://www.ggc.org/Diagnostics/Biochemical/lysosomal_enyzmes.htm]
6. [http://www.ggc.org/Diagnostics/Biochemical/lysosomal_enyzmes.htm]
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